N-channel MOSFET switch using photo transistor opto-coupler.
Fig. 1

MOSFET based DC Relays Using Photovoltaic Drivers

by Lewis Loflin

Here we will explore the use of photovoltaic output opto-couplers. These are often used to drive power MOSFETs. These are based on the use of an array of photodiodes connected in series used to generate a gate drive voltage.

For more on basic photodiodes see For more on the basic operation see Photodiode Circuits Operation and Uses.

Let's look at an older circuits I've used in the past. Fig. 1 shows the use of a NPN transistor output opto-coupler to switch the turn-on voltage to the gate of Q1 a N-channel MOSFET.

The limitation of this type circuit is due to the collector-emitter breakdown voltage of the opto-coupler and the gate-source breakdown voltage (Vgs) on the MOSFET.

P-channel MOSFET switch using photo transistor opto-coupler.
Fig. 2

Fig. 2 shows the P-channel variation of Fig. 1. The same problems exist here as well where voltage breakdown of the opto-coupler and Vgs limit the voltage to about 20 volts.

TLP1918 photovoltaic output opto-coupler.
Fig. 3

Fig. 3 illustrates the internal connections to the TLP1918 photovoltaic output opto-coupler. This consists of a LED emitter and a series array of photodiodes to generate 7-10 volts output. This also includes an internal gate bleeder (assumes a MOSFET) resistor to shut off a MOSFET when the LED emitter is turned off.

PVI5050N series photovoltaic output opto-couplers.
Fig. 4

Fig. 4 illustrates the PVI5050N series photovoltaic MOSFET drivers. These don't include an internal gate bleeder resistor which must be added externally.

ASSR-V621 series photovoltaic output opto-couplers with internal gate turnoff circuit.
Fig. 5

Fig. 5 illustrates ASSR-V621 series photovoltaic output opto-couplers with internal gate turnoff circuit. These are dual drive devices oriented toward driving MOSFETs.

Enhancement mode MOSFET switch with photovoltaic drive opto-coupler.
Fig. 6

Fig. 6 illustrates using an enhancement mode MOSFET with photovoltaic output opto-coupler. Unlike the earlier transistor based opto-couplers the problem of limitations due to C-E breakdown and Vgs is eliminated. We are limited only by the drain-source current and voltage ratings.

This creates a N.O. relay that is turned on when the LED emitter is turned on.

Depletion mode MOSFET switch with photovoltaic drive opto-coupler.
Fig. 7

Fig. 6 illustrates using an depletion mode MOSFET with photovoltaic output opto-coupler. Unlike the earlier transistor based opto-couplers the problem of limitations due to C-E breakdown and Vgs is eliminated. We are limited only by the drain-source current and voltage ratings.

This creates a N.C. relay that is turned off when the LED emitter is turned on.

Crydom CMX100D10 SIP MOSFET solid state relay internal diagram and electrical connections.
Fig. 8

The above ideas are used in commercial devices. This example device has a 3-32 volt input circuit and the load can be connected either way as shown in fig. 8.